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Regarding trans inclusion in female sports:
A major problem with arguments in favor is confusing circulating testosterone levels with the actual end organ effects of testosterone in developing the male body through male puberty.
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A major problem with arguments in favor is confusing circulating testosterone levels with the actual end organ effects of testosterone in developing the male body through male puberty.
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As an example, people with androgen insensitivity syndrome (who have T, but no end organ changes from T) will have the normal circulating testosterone levels of a male, but none of the physical advantages in sports conferred by male puberty.
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Physiologic advantages of males going through male puberty include things such as larger heart size, higher cardiac output, narrowed pelvis leading to less knee injuries; longer, denser, stronger bones, etc.
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Thus it is the end organ effects of testosterone which occur during puberty and persist thereafter which make the critical difference in sports ability, not circulating testosterone levels.
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